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Due to high abundance in blood and interstitial fluids, HSA and other plasma proteins are thought to be the major target of HOCl-mediated damage [24,25,26,27,28]

Under normal conditions, extracellular iron bounding to transferrin to form a complex is mediated by transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) on the cell membrane into the intracellular compartment, where it is converted to ferrous ions by ferric reductase and subsequently stored in the intracellular unstable iron pool via the divalent metal transporter protein divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and the excess iron ions are stored as inert iron in ferritin in the cell, maintaining intracellular iron homeostasis (Masaldan et al., 2018

It simultaneously reverses NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, restores PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, modulates iron metabolism and limits lipid peroxidation, thereby exhibiting hepatoprotective properties in ethanol- or acetaldehyde-induced liver injury model (53)

This is called melasma or the "mask of pregnancy." It usually shows up on the cheeks, forehead, or upper lip

However, if a specialized laboratory test is used, stable metabolites of the peptide can typically be detected for roughly 24 to 48 hours after administration, with some studies suggesting trace detection up to 4 days later