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Abbreviations ADI-R: Autism diagnostic interview - revised ALAD: Delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase CARS: Childhood Autism Rating Scale CNS: Central nervous system d.f.: Degrees freedom DSM: American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fGSH: Free reduced glutathione GCL: Glutamate cysteine ligase GCT: -glutamyl cyclotransferase GGT: -glutamyl-transferase GPx: Glutathione peroxidase GSH: Reduced glutathione GSH: GSSG: Glutathione redox ratio GSH-R: Glutathione reductase GS: Glutathione synthetase GSSG: Oxidised glutathione GST: Glutathione-S-transferases Mg 2+ : Magnesium ions Mn 2+ : Manganese ions Q: Cochran's Q (a measure of statistical heterogeneity) SMD: Standardised mean difference tGSH: Total glutathione References Wing L, Gould J: Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification

Sonwalkar, S

Status: Research phase No completed human RCTs Not FDA-approved SC injection or oral (research only) Caveat: BPC-157 is under review at the FDA's July 2026 peptide advisory panel and is currently restricted for compounding

Zanella, A

In-depth mechanistic studies are also required to fully understand the interactions between TMAO, cell death, and the gut-organ axis