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Varicocele, characterized by increased testicular temperature and local hypoxia, can induce oxidative stress and impair testicular function ( Figure 1c ) ( Endocrine and metabolic disorders also contribute to ROS-mediated spermatogenic damage

Notably, oral NMN administration could significantly increase the blood levels of NAD + , and physiological and laboratory tests showed no abnormalities or any obvious adverse reactions [59]

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Simply put, NAD+ and NADH exist as what is termed a redox couple. NAD+ is the oxidized version and NADH is the reduced version