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7 Conclusion and perspectives 7.1 Summary of key mechanisms The molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization involve dynamic interactions among signaling networks, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic modifications, centered on the precise regulation of the balance between pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory reparative M2 phenotypes

Vimentin-positive astrocytes in the prefrontal white matter show fewer primary processes 400

ROS are involved in the regulation of a wide range of physiological and pathological processes 15,16

In vivo MRI mapping of brain iron deposition across the adult lifespan

This balance is crucial for protecting cells against oxidative damage