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When iron levels are excessively high, the RANKL/OPG ratio increases, leading to the promotion of osteoclast maturation and bone resorption through TFR1-mediated iron uptake ( Figure 2 )

doi: 10.1124/pr.112.006361

(etc) [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 65.Komohara Y., Fujiwara Y

By supplementing NAD + precursors or activating the Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/AMPK pathway, mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant capacity can be synergistically enhanced, correcting immune-metabolic imbalance in both directions and providing an additional molecular target for IBD intervention [458, 459]

Its anti-inflammatory effects on NFkB a key mediator of age-related inflammatory disease and its DNA repair activity suggest potential relevance in broader regenerative medicine, though most of these applications remain under investigation