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Bae J, Ha M, Perumalsamy H, Lee Y, Song J, Yoon T-H

By stimulating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities, SCFAs exert multifaceted biological effects on host health, both locally in the gut and systemically, especially in terms of gastrointestinal homeostasis, cardiovascular homeostasis, metabolic health, cancer development, and immune balance, thereby establishing their critical role in host-microbiota crosstalk [2,3,4]

In summary, FGF21 enhances peripheral uptake of energy both directly through FGFR-mediated pathways, and indirectly via increased adiponectin

Table 2 GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation) evaluation of the studies

This framework helps contextualize whether premium pricing reflects clinical advantage for your situation