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The key breakthrough came with the identification of the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHS-R1a) later shown to also be the receptor for ghrelin , the bodys hunger hormone

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The intestinal adaptation after bariatric surgery is associated with increased recycling of BAs, which plays a protective role against obesityrelated comorbidities ( Similar effects are observed in rats with dietinduced obesity ( VSG is a surgical procedure that is associated with an increase in serum BAs and a decrease in gene expression of the GPBAR1 receptor in the white adipose tissue, independent from dietetic variations ( When BAs bind ileal GPBAR1, peptide YY (PYY) circulating levels as well as GLP1 and GLP2 increase playing an anorexigenic effect (i.e., appetite reduction), as well as GLP1 and GLP2 ( via the FXRFXR response element (FXRE) signaling ( The gut microbiota might also be involved in this crosstalk between BAs and glucose and lipid metabolism ( Gut microbiota is responsible for the deconjugation, oxidation, sulfation, and dihydroxylation of the primary BAs to the secondary BAs ( Figure 1 )

10.1073/pnas.2017152117 139 YuanH.LiX.ZhangX.KangR.TangD

doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.264 37 RaufAImranMKhanIAUr-RehmanMGilaniSAMehmoodZet al