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World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi Malavige GN, Ogg GS (2017) Pathogenesis of vascular leak in dengue virus infection

In PTSD mice models, trauma exposure increased tyrosine hydroxylase expression (the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis), elevating stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine in serum and colon, which upregulated claudin-2 expression, confirming gut barrier dysfunction (Yadav et al., 2023)

Organic acid analysis showed that acetate (3.25 g/L) was reduced by 50.2%, while lactate and pyruvate no longer accumulated (Supplementary Figure S2)

However, a role for increased colonic permeability in obesity cannot be conclusively ruled out as further specific studies are required [212]

If needed, gently roll the vial between your palms