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For example, the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners provide that collective punishment and all cruel, inhuman or degrading punishments shall be completely prohibited as punishments for disciplinary offences;[219] the UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Their Liberty include similar standards.[220] The Mandela Rules also emphasize that disciplinary sanctions or restrictive measures shall not include the prohibition of family contact (Rule 43.3) and that instruments of restraint shall never be applied as a sanction for disciplinary offences. (Rule 43.2)[221] Further, under the UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Their Liberty, the use of restraints and force should not cause humiliation or degradation, and should be used restrictively and only for the shortest possible period of time, only after all other control methods have been exhausted and failed, and then only as explicitly authorized and specified by law and regulation.[222] Although the Juvenile Criminal Law prohibits the National Civil Police from keeping records on crimes attributed to childrenexcept in those cases determined by the Attorney Generals Office or a judgefour people with knowledge about police procedures, including police officers, told Human Rights Watch that the police in reality keep records of detention of children, in violation of domestic and international human rights standards protecting childrens privacy and due process rights.[223] Selected Cases Antonio Jurez Police detained Antonio Jurez (pseudonym), a-17-year-old construction worker, at his home, at around 9 p.m., on May 24, 2022, in the town of Los Planes de Renderos, in San Salvador state.[224] They ordered him to remove his shirt, apparently searching for tattoos, which he did not have

Sensitivity analyses using propensity score matching were conducted for selected pairwise contrasts to assess the robustness of the regression findings to imbalance in measured covariates between exposure groups

Duke, Sons & Company of Durham." North Carolina Historical Review 48.1 (1971): 3143